{"id":25045,"date":"2026-11-05T07:07:50","date_gmt":"2026-11-05T07:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mechstream.com\/?p=25045"},"modified":"2026-11-05T07:07:55","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T07:07:55","slug":"cutting-temperature-estimator-calculator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mechstream.com\/fr\/cutting-temperature-estimator-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Cutting Temperature Estimator Calculator"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cutting Temperature Estimator Calculator<\/strong> provides a quick, approximate estimate of cutting temperature based on machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, workpiece material, and coolant condition. Use this calculator to support preliminary process planning and compare how different cutting conditions may affect heat generation. 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.cte-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}&#10;  .cte-root .cte-rgrid,.cte-root .cte-tables{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}&#10;}&#10;@media (max-width:560px){&#10;  .cte-root{padding:20px 12px 28px;border-radius:0}&#10;  .cte-root .cte-card{padding:16px}&#10;  .cte-root .cte-row,.cte-root .cte-row-2{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}&#10;  .cte-root .cte-btn{flex:1 1 100%}&#10;}&#10;@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){&#10;  .cte-root *{transition:none !important;scroll-behavior:auto !important}&#10;}&#10;html,body{margin:0;padding:0;background:transparent}&#10;&lt;\/style&gt;&#10;&lt;\/head&gt;&#10;&lt;body&gt;&#10;&#10;&lt;div class=&quot;cte-root&quot; id=&quot;cte-app&quot;&gt;&#10;  &lt;div class=&quot;cte-stack&quot;&gt;&#10;&#10;    &lt;!-- ================= INPUT PANEL ================= --&gt;&#10;    &lt;section class=&quot;cte-card&quot; aria-label=&quot;Cutting Temperature Estimator Calculator&quot;&gt;&#10;      &lt;form id=&quot;cte-form&quot; novalidate autocomplete=&quot;off&quot;&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-alert&quot; id=&quot;cte-error&quot; role=&quot;alert&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-row&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;cte-vc&quot;&gt;Cutting Speed (Vc)&lt;span class=&quot;cte-req&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;*&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-inline&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;cte-vc&quot; class=&quot;cte-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; required aria-describedby=&quot;cte-vc-err cte-vc-help&quot; placeholder=&quot;e.g. 180&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;select id=&quot;cte-vc-unit&quot; class=&quot;cte-select cte-unit&quot; aria-label=&quot;Cutting speed unit&quot;&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;mmin&quot;&gt;m\/min&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;ftmin&quot;&gt;ft\/min&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-err&quot; id=&quot;cte-vc-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-vc-help&quot;&gt;Surface speed at the cutting edge.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;cte-f&quot;&gt;Feed Rate (f)&lt;span class=&quot;cte-req&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;*&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-inline&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;cte-f&quot; class=&quot;cte-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; required aria-describedby=&quot;cte-f-err cte-f-help&quot; placeholder=&quot;e.g. 0.25&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;select id=&quot;cte-f-unit&quot; class=&quot;cte-select cte-unit&quot; aria-label=&quot;Feed rate 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2&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;select id=&quot;cte-ap-unit&quot; class=&quot;cte-select cte-unit&quot; aria-label=&quot;Depth of cut unit&quot;&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;mm&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;in&quot;&gt;in&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-err&quot; id=&quot;cte-ap-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-ap-help&quot;&gt;Radial engagement (turning) or axial depth.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-row&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;cte-mat&quot;&gt;Workpiece Material&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;select id=&quot;cte-mat&quot; class=&quot;cte-select&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;cte-mat-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;aluminum&quot;&gt;Aluminum&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;lcs&quot;&gt;Low-Carbon Steel&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;ss&quot;&gt;Stainless Steel&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;ci&quot;&gt;Cast Iron&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;ti&quot;&gt;Titanium Alloy&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;other&quot;&gt;Other&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-mat-help&quot;&gt;Sets the default material factor (Km).&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;cte-cool&quot;&gt;Coolant Condition&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;select id=&quot;cte-cool&quot; class=&quot;cte-select&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;cte-cool-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;dry&quot;&gt;Dry Cutting&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;flood&quot;&gt;Flood Coolant&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;option value=&quot;mql&quot;&gt;Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-cool-help&quot;&gt;Sets the default coolant factor (Kc).&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;cte-t0&quot;&gt;Initial Workpiece Temperature&lt;span class=&quot;cte-req&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;*&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-inline&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;cte-t0&quot; class=&quot;cte-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; required aria-describedby=&quot;cte-t0-err cte-t0-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;select id=&quot;cte-t0-unit&quot; class=&quot;cte-select cte-unit&quot; aria-label=&quot;Initial temperature unit&quot;&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;C&quot;&gt;\u00b0C&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;F&quot;&gt;\u00b0F&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-err&quot; id=&quot;cte-t0-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-t0-help&quot;&gt;Workpiece temperature before cutting (often room temperature).&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;fieldset class=&quot;cte-factors&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;legend&gt;Adjustment factors&lt;\/legend&gt;&#10;          &lt;p class=&quot;cte-factors-note&quot;&gt;These fill in automatically from the material and coolant you choose. You can edit them to match your own data. A value of 1.00 means no change from the low-carbon steel, dry-cutting reference.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-row cte-row-2&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;label for=&quot;cte-km&quot;&gt;Material Factor (Km)&lt;span class=&quot;cte-req&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;*&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;cte-km&quot; class=&quot;cte-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; required aria-describedby=&quot;cte-km-err cte-km-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;p class=&quot;cte-err&quot; id=&quot;cte-km-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;              &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-km-help&quot;&gt;Allowed range 0.10\u20135.00. Default for selection: &lt;span id=&quot;cte-km-def&quot;&gt;1.00&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-field&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;label for=&quot;cte-kc&quot;&gt;Coolant Factor (Kc)&lt;span class=&quot;cte-req&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;*&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;cte-kc&quot; class=&quot;cte-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; required aria-describedby=&quot;cte-kc-err cte-kc-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;p class=&quot;cte-err&quot; id=&quot;cte-kc-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;              &lt;p class=&quot;cte-help&quot; id=&quot;cte-kc-help&quot;&gt;Allowed range 0.10\u20135.00. Default for selection: &lt;span id=&quot;cte-kc-def&quot;&gt;1.00&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/fieldset&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-actions&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;button type=&quot;submit&quot; class=&quot;cte-btn&quot; id=&quot;cte-btn-calc&quot;&gt;Calculate&lt;\/button&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;      &lt;\/form&gt;&#10;    &lt;\/section&gt;&#10;&#10;    &lt;!-- ================= RESULTS PANEL ================= --&gt;&#10;    &lt;section class=&quot;cte-card&quot; aria-labelledby=&quot;cte-results-title&quot; id=&quot;cte-results&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot; hidden&gt;&#10;      &lt;div class=&quot;cte-card-title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;cte-results-title&quot;&gt;Estimated Result&lt;\/h2&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;      &lt;div id=&quot;cte-result-body&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot;&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rgrid&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard cte-hl&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;span class=&quot;cte-rcard-label&quot;&gt;Estimated Cutting Temperature&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard-value&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-approx&quot;&gt;\u2248&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;cte-r-tc&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-rcard-unit&quot;&gt;\u00b0C&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard-sub&quot;&gt;\u2248 &lt;span id=&quot;cte-r-tf&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt; \u00b0F&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;span class=&quot;cte-rcard-label&quot;&gt;Rise Above Initial Temperature&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard-value&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-approx&quot;&gt;+&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;cte-r-dtc&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-rcard-unit&quot;&gt;\u00b0C&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard-sub&quot;&gt;+&lt;span id=&quot;cte-r-dtf&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt; \u00b0F above &lt;span id=&quot;cte-r-t0&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;cte-rcard&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;span class=&quot;cte-rcard-label&quot;&gt;Temperature Band&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-chip&quot; id=&quot;cte-r-band&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-scale-wrap&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;div class=&quot;cte-scale&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-s1&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-s2&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cte-s3&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;cte-marker&quot; id=&quot;cte-r-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-scale-labels&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;0&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;300&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900+ \u00b0C&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-disclaimer&quot; role=&quot;note&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;strong&gt;Important note&lt;\/strong&gt;&#10;          &lt;p&gt;Cutting temperature depends on tool geometry and material, machine rigidity, cutting conditions, coolant delivery, and measurement location. This calculator provides a rough estimate for preliminary planning only. Verify critical temperatures with appropriate measurement methods and machining references.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;cte-note&quot;&gt;The bands are general guidance only: &lt;strong&gt;Lower&lt;\/strong&gt; &amp;lt; 300 \u00b0C, &lt;strong&gt;Moderate&lt;\/strong&gt; 300\u2013600 \u00b0C, &lt;strong&gt;Higher&lt;\/strong&gt; \u2265 600 \u00b0C. They are not limits for any specific tool or material.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-warnings&quot; id=&quot;cte-warnings&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;cte-tables&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div&gt;&#10;            &lt;h3&gt;Inputs used&lt;\/h3&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-table-wrap&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;table&gt;&#10;                &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot;&gt;Parameter&lt;\/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot;&gt;As entered&lt;\/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot;&gt;Used in model&lt;\/th&gt;&lt;\/tr&gt;&lt;\/thead&gt;&#10;                &lt;tbody id=&quot;cte-t-inputs&quot;&gt;&lt;\/tbody&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/table&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div&gt;&#10;            &lt;h3&gt;Adjustment factors used&lt;\/h3&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;cte-table-wrap&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;table&gt;&#10;                &lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot;&gt;Term&lt;\/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot;&gt;Value&lt;\/th&gt;&lt;\/tr&gt;&lt;\/thead&gt;&#10;                &lt;tbody id=&quot;cte-t-factors&quot;&gt;&lt;\/tbody&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/table&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;cte-formula-line&quot; id=&quot;cte-r-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;      &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;    &lt;\/section&gt;&#10;&#10;  &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;&lt;script&gt;&#10;\/* =====================================================================&#10;   Cutting Temperature Estimator \u2014 Vanilla JavaScript (no globals)&#10;   Internal units: Vc m\/min, f mm\/rev, ap mm, temperature \u00b0C.&#10;   ===================================================================== *\/&#10;(function () {&#10;  &#x27;use strict&#x27;;&#10;&#10;  var root = document.getElementById(&#x27;cte-app&#x27;);&#10;  if (!root || root.getAttribute(&#x27;data-cte-ready&#x27;) === &#x27;1&#x27;) return;&#10;  root.setAttribute(&#x27;data-cte-ready&#x27;, &#x27;1&#x27;);&#10;&#10;  function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 1. Model constants &amp; configurable factors ---------- *\/&#10;  var MODEL = { dTref: 550, Vref: 100, fref: 0.20, apref: 2.0, a: 0.45, b: 0.25, c: 0.10 };&#10;&#10;  var MATERIALS = {&#10;    aluminum: { label: &#x27;Aluminum&#x27;,          k: 0.45 },&#10;    lcs:      { label: &#x27;Low-Carbon Steel&#x27;,  k: 1.00 },&#10;    ss:       { label: &#x27;Stainless Steel&#x27;,   k: 1.30 },&#10;    ci:       { label: &#x27;Cast Iron&#x27;,         k: 0.85 },&#10;    ti:       { label: &#x27;Titanium Alloy&#x27;,    k: 1.60 },&#10;    other:    { label: &#x27;Other&#x27;,             k: 1.00 }&#10;  };&#10;  var COOLANTS = {&#10;    dry:   { label: &#x27;Dry Cutting&#x27;,                        k: 1.00 },&#10;    flood: { label: &#x27;Flood Coolant&#x27;,                      k: 0.75 },&#10;    mql:   { label: &#x27;Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)&#x27;, k: 0.88 }&#10;  };&#10;&#10;  \/\/ Factor converting each unit to the internal unit&#10;  var UNITS = {&#10;    vc: { mmin: { f: 1, s: &#x27;m\/min&#x27; }, ftmin: { f: 0.3048, s: &#x27;ft\/min&#x27; } },&#10;    f:  { mmrev: { f: 1, s: &#x27;mm\/rev&#x27; }, inrev: { f: 25.4, s: &#x27;in\/rev&#x27; } },&#10;    ap: { mm: { f: 1, s: &#x27;mm&#x27; }, &#x27;in&#x27;: { f: 25.4, s: &#x27;in&#x27; } }&#10;  };&#10;  var BANDS = [&#10;    { max: 300, cls: &#x27;cte-lower&#x27;, label: &#x27;Lower&#x27; },&#10;    { max: 600, cls: &#x27;cte-moderate&#x27;, label: &#x27;Moderate&#x27; },&#10;    { max: Infinity, cls: &#x27;cte-higher&#x27;, label: &#x27;Higher&#x27; }&#10;  ];&#10;  var VALID = { vc: [10, 1200], f: [0.02, 1.0], ap: [0.1, 12] };&#10;  var FACTOR_RANGE = [0.1, 5];&#10;&#10;  var DEFAULTS = { vc: &#x27;&#x27;, vcU: &#x27;mmin&#x27;, f: &#x27;&#x27;, fU: &#x27;mmrev&#x27;, ap: &#x27;&#x27;, apU: &#x27;mm&#x27;, mat: &#x27;lcs&#x27;, cool: &#x27;dry&#x27;, t0: &#x27;20&#x27;, t0U: &#x27;C&#x27; };&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 2. Parsing &amp; formatting ---------- *\/&#10;  \/** Accepts &quot;1,5&quot; (decimal comma), &quot;1,000.5&quot;, and scientific notation. *\/&#10;  function parseNum(raw) {&#10;    var s = String(raw == null ? &#x27;&#x27; : raw).trim().replace(\/\\s+\/g, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    if (s === &#x27;&#x27;) return { empty: true, ok: false };&#10;    if (\/^[+-]?\\d{1,3}(,\\d{3})+(\\.\\d+)?$\/.test(s)) s = s.replace(\/,\/g, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    else if (\/^[+-]?\\d*,\\d+$\/.test(s)) s = s.replace(&#x27;,&#x27;, &#x27;.&#x27;);&#10;    if (!\/^[+-]?(\\d+\\.?\\d*|\\.\\d+)(e[+-]?\\d+)?$\/i.test(s)) return { empty: false, ok: false };&#10;    var n = Number(s);&#10;    if (!isFinite(n)) return { empty: false, ok: false };&#10;    return { empty: false, ok: true, n: n };&#10;  }&#10;  function g(n, p) {&#10;    if (typeof n !== &#x27;number&#x27; || !isFinite(n)) return &#x27;\u2014&#x27;;&#10;    return Number(n.toPrecision(p || 6)).toLocaleString(&#x27;en-US&#x27;, { maximumFractionDigits: 6 });&#10;  }&#10;  function fx(n, d) {&#10;    return n.toLocaleString(&#x27;en-US&#x27;, { minimumFractionDigits: d, maximumFractionDigits: d });&#10;  }&#10;  function r0(n) { return Math.round(n).toLocaleString(&#x27;en-US&#x27;); }&#10;  function tidy(n) { return String(Number(n.toPrecision(6))); }&#10;  function esc(s) {&#10;    return String(s).replace(\/[&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&#x27;]\/g, function (c) {&#10;      return { &#x27;&amp;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;amp;&#x27;, &#x27;&lt;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;lt;&#x27;, &#x27;&gt;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;gt;&#x27;, &#x27;&quot;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;quot;&#x27;, &quot;&#x27;&quot;: &#x27;&amp;#39;&#x27; }[c];&#10;    });&#10;  }&#10;  function cToF(c) { return c * 9 \/ 5 + 32; }&#10;  function fToC(f) { return (f - 32) * 5 \/ 9; }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 3. Validation ---------- *\/&#10;  var KEYS = [&#x27;vc&#x27;, &#x27;f&#x27;, &#x27;ap&#x27;, &#x27;t0&#x27;, &#x27;km&#x27;, &#x27;kc&#x27;];&#10;  var LABEL = { vc: &#x27;Cutting speed (Vc)&#x27;, f: &#x27;Feed rate (f)&#x27;, ap: &#x27;Depth of cut (ap)&#x27;, t0: &#x27;Initial workpiece temperature&#x27;,&#10;                km: &#x27;Material factor (Km)&#x27;, kc: &#x27;Coolant factor (Kc)&#x27; };&#10;&#10;  function setErr(key, msg) {&#10;    var el = $(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + key), er = $(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + key + &#x27;-err&#x27;);&#10;    if (msg) {&#10;      el.classList.add(&#x27;cte-invalid&#x27;); el.setAttribute(&#x27;aria-invalid&#x27;, &#x27;true&#x27;);&#10;      er.textContent = msg; er.hidden = false;&#10;    } else {&#10;      el.classList.remove(&#x27;cte-invalid&#x27;); el.removeAttribute(&#x27;aria-invalid&#x27;);&#10;      er.textContent = &#x27;&#x27;; er.hidden = true;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;  function clearAllErrors() {&#10;    KEYS.forEach(function (k) { setErr(k, null); });&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-error&#x27;).hidden = true; $(&#x27;cte-error&#x27;).innerHTML = &#x27;&#x27;;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/** Returns an error message for a field, or null when valid. *\/&#10;  function check(key) {&#10;    var p = parseNum($(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + key).value);&#10;    if (p.empty) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; is required.&#x27;;&#10;    if (!p.ok) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; must be a valid number.&#x27;;&#10;    if (key === &#x27;t0&#x27;) {&#10;      var c = $(&#x27;cte-t0-unit&#x27;).value === &#x27;F&#x27; ? fToC(p.n) : p.n;&#10;      if (c &lt; -273.15) return &#x27;Initial temperature cannot be below absolute zero (\u2212273.15 \u00b0C \/ \u2212459.67 \u00b0F).&#x27;;&#10;      return null;&#10;    }&#10;    if (p.n &lt; 0) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; cannot be negative.&#x27;;&#10;    if (p.n === 0) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; must be greater than zero.&#x27;;&#10;    if ((key === &#x27;km&#x27; || key === &#x27;kc&#x27;) &amp;&amp; (p.n &lt; FACTOR_RANGE[0] || p.n &gt; FACTOR_RANGE[1]))&#10;      return LABEL[key] + &#x27; must be between 0.10 and 5.00.&#x27;;&#10;    return null;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 4. Calculation ---------- *\/&#10;  function compute() {&#10;    clearAllErrors();&#10;    var errs = [], vals = {};&#10;    KEYS.forEach(function (k) {&#10;      var msg = check(k);&#10;      setErr(k, msg);&#10;      if (msg) errs.push({ key: k, msg: msg });&#10;      else vals[k] = parseNum($(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + k).value).n;&#10;    });&#10;    if (errs.length) { showErrors(errs); return false; }&#10;&#10;    var u = { vc: $(&#x27;cte-vc-unit&#x27;).value, f: $(&#x27;cte-f-unit&#x27;).value, ap: $(&#x27;cte-ap-unit&#x27;).value, t0: $(&#x27;cte-t0-unit&#x27;).value };&#10;    var mat = $(&#x27;cte-mat&#x27;).value, cool = $(&#x27;cte-cool&#x27;).value;&#10;&#10;    \/\/ Step 1 \u2014 convert to internal units&#10;    var Vc = vals.vc * UNITS.vc[u.vc].f;&#10;    var f  = vals.f  * UNITS.f[u.f].f;&#10;    var ap = vals.ap * UNITS.ap[u.ap].f;&#10;    var T0 = u.t0 === &#x27;F&#x27; ? fToC(vals.t0) : vals.t0;&#10;&#10;    \/\/ Step 2 \u2014 normalised power-law terms&#10;    var sV = Math.pow(Vc \/ MODEL.Vref, MODEL.a);&#10;    var sF = Math.pow(f \/ MODEL.fref, MODEL.b);&#10;    var sA = Math.pow(ap \/ MODEL.apref, MODEL.c);&#10;&#10;    \/\/ Step 3 \u2014 temperature rise and estimated cutting temperature&#10;    var dT = MODEL.dTref * vals.km * vals.kc * sV * sF * sA;&#10;    var Tc = T0 + dT;&#10;    if (!isFinite(dT) || !isFinite(Tc)) {&#10;      showErrors([{ key: &#x27;vc&#x27;, msg: &#x27;The result is outside the numeric range that can be represented. Check the magnitude of your inputs.&#x27; }]);&#10;      return false;&#10;    }&#10;&#10;    var band = BANDS[0];&#10;    for (var i = 0; i &lt; BANDS.length; i++) { if (Tc &lt; BANDS[i].max) { band = BANDS[i]; break; } }&#10;&#10;    \/\/ Non-blocking notes on model validity&#10;    var warn = [];&#10;    [[&#x27;vc&#x27;, Vc, &#x27;m\/min&#x27;], [&#x27;f&#x27;, f, &#x27;mm\/rev&#x27;], [&#x27;ap&#x27;, ap, &#x27;mm&#x27;]].forEach(function (x) {&#10;      var r = VALID[x[0]];&#10;      if (x[1] &lt; r[0] || x[1] &gt; r[1])&#10;        warn.push(LABEL[x[0]] + &#x27; (&#x27; + g(x[1], 4) + &#x27; &#x27; + x[2] + &#x27;) is outside the calibrated range of &#x27; + r[0] + &#x27;\u2013&#x27; + r[1] + &#x27; &#x27; + x[2] + &#x27;, so the estimate is less reliable.&#x27;);&#10;    });&#10;    if (T0 &lt; -40 || T0 &gt; 300) warn.push(&#x27;The initial temperature is unusual for machining. The model assumes the workpiece is near ambient temperature.&#x27;);&#10;    if (mat === &#x27;aluminum&#x27; &amp;&amp; Tc &gt; 550) warn.push(&#x27;The estimate is approaching the melting range of aluminum alloys (about 500\u2013660 \u00b0C). Here the model probably overestimates. Real interface temperatures for aluminum usually level off below this range.&#x27;);&#10;    if (Math.abs(vals.km - MATERIALS[mat].k) &gt; 1e-9) warn.push(&#x27;A custom material factor is in use (default for &#x27; + MATERIALS[mat].label + &#x27; is &#x27; + fx(MATERIALS[mat].k, 2) + &#x27;).&#x27;);&#10;    if (Math.abs(vals.kc - COOLANTS[cool].k) &gt; 1e-9) warn.push(&#x27;A custom coolant factor is in use (default for &#x27; + COOLANTS[cool].label + &#x27; is &#x27; + fx(COOLANTS[cool].k, 2) + &#x27;).&#x27;);&#10;&#10;    render({ vals: vals, u: u, mat: mat, cool: cool, Vc: Vc, f: f, ap: ap, T0: T0,&#10;             sV: sV, sF: sF, sA: sA, dT: dT, Tc: Tc, band: band, warn: warn });&#10;    return true;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 5. Rendering ---------- *\/&#10;  function showErrors(errs) {&#10;    var box = $(&#x27;cte-error&#x27;);&#10;    box.innerHTML = &#x27;&lt;strong&gt;Please correct the following input&#x27; + (errs.length &gt; 1 ? &#x27;s&#x27; : &#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;:&lt;\/strong&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#x27; +&#10;      errs.map(function (e) { return &#x27;&lt;li&gt;&#x27; + esc(e.msg) + &#x27;&lt;\/li&gt;&#x27;; }).join(&#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;&lt;\/ul&gt;&#x27;;&#10;    box.hidden = false;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).hidden = true;   \/\/ never show stale results next to invalid inputs&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  function row(cells, headFirst) {&#10;    return &#x27;&lt;tr&gt;&#x27; + cells.map(function (c, i) {&#10;      return (headFirst &amp;&amp; i === 0) ? &#x27;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot;&gt;&#x27; + c + &#x27;&lt;\/th&gt;&#x27; : &#x27;&lt;td&gt;&#x27; + c + &#x27;&lt;\/td&gt;&#x27;;&#10;    }).join(&#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;&lt;\/tr&gt;&#x27;;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  function render(R) {&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).hidden = false;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-tc&#x27;).textContent = r0(R.Tc);&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-tf&#x27;).textContent = r0(cToF(R.Tc));&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-dtc&#x27;).textContent = r0(R.dT);&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-dtf&#x27;).textContent = r0(R.dT * 1.8);&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-t0&#x27;).textContent = r0(R.T0) + &#x27; \u00b0C \/ &#x27; + r0(cToF(R.T0)) + &#x27; \u00b0F&#x27;;&#10;&#10;    var chip = $(&#x27;cte-r-band&#x27;);&#10;    chip.className = &#x27;cte-chip &#x27; + R.band.cls;&#10;    chip.textContent = R.band.label;&#10;    var pct = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, R.Tc \/ 900 * 100));&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-marker&#x27;).style.left = pct + &#x27;%&#x27;;&#10;&#10;    var w = $(&#x27;cte-warnings&#x27;);&#10;    if (R.warn.length) {&#10;      w.innerHTML = &#x27;&lt;strong&gt;Notes on this estimate&lt;\/strong&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#x27; + R.warn.map(function (x) { return &#x27;&lt;li&gt;&#x27; + esc(x) + &#x27;&lt;\/li&gt;&#x27;; }).join(&#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;&lt;\/ul&gt;&#x27;;&#10;      w.hidden = false;&#10;    } else { w.hidden = true; w.innerHTML = &#x27;&#x27;; }&#10;&#10;    var v = R.vals, u = R.u;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-t-inputs&#x27;).innerHTML =&#10;      row([&#x27;Cutting speed (Vc)&#x27;, esc(g(v.vc)) + &#x27; &#x27; + UNITS.vc[u.vc].s, esc(g(R.Vc, 5)) + &#x27; m\/min&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Feed rate (f)&#x27;, esc(g(v.f)) + &#x27; &#x27; + UNITS.f[u.f].s, esc(g(R.f, 4)) + &#x27; mm\/rev&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Depth of cut (ap)&#x27;, esc(g(v.ap)) + &#x27; &#x27; + UNITS.ap[u.ap].s, esc(g(R.ap, 4)) + &#x27; mm&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Initial temperature&#x27;, esc(g(v.t0)) + (u.t0 === &#x27;F&#x27; ? &#x27; \u00b0F&#x27; : &#x27; \u00b0C&#x27;), esc(fx(R.T0, 1)) + &#x27; \u00b0C&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Workpiece material&#x27;, esc(MATERIALS[R.mat].label), &#x27;\u2014&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Coolant condition&#x27;, esc(COOLANTS[R.cool].label), &#x27;\u2014&#x27;], true);&#10;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-t-factors&#x27;).innerHTML =&#10;      row([&#x27;Reference rise \u0394T&lt;sub&gt;ref&lt;\/sub&gt;&#x27;, MODEL.dTref + &#x27; \u00b0C&#x27;], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Material factor Km&#x27;, fx(v.km, 2)], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Coolant factor Kc&#x27;, fx(v.kc, 2)], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Speed term (Vc\/100)&lt;sup&gt;0.45&lt;\/sup&gt;&#x27;, fx(R.sV, 3)], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Feed term (f\/0.20)&lt;sup&gt;0.25&lt;\/sup&gt;&#x27;, fx(R.sF, 3)], true) +&#10;      row([&#x27;Depth term (ap\/2.0)&lt;sup&gt;0.10&lt;\/sup&gt;&#x27;, fx(R.sA, 3)], true);&#10;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-r-formula&#x27;).textContent =&#10;      &#x27;\u0394T = 550 \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(v.km, 2) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(v.kc, 2) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(R.sV, 3) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(R.sF, 3) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(R.sA, 3) +&#10;      &#x27; \u2248 &#x27; + r0(R.dT) + &#x27; \u00b0C;  T = &#x27; + fx(R.T0, 1) + &#x27; + &#x27; + r0(R.dT) + &#x27; \u2248 &#x27; + r0(R.Tc) + &#x27; \u00b0C&#x27;;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 6. Form state helpers ---------- *\/&#10;  function setFactorDefaults(which) {&#10;    if (which !== &#x27;kc&#x27;) {&#10;      var km = MATERIALS[$(&#x27;cte-mat&#x27;).value].k;&#10;      $(&#x27;cte-km&#x27;).value = fx(km, 2); $(&#x27;cte-km-def&#x27;).textContent = fx(km, 2); setErr(&#x27;km&#x27;, null);&#10;    }&#10;    if (which !== &#x27;km&#x27;) {&#10;      var kc = COOLANTS[$(&#x27;cte-cool&#x27;).value].k;&#10;      $(&#x27;cte-kc&#x27;).value = fx(kc, 2); $(&#x27;cte-kc-def&#x27;).textContent = fx(kc, 2); setErr(&#x27;kc&#x27;, null);&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;  function apply(s) {&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-vc&#x27;).value = s.vc; $(&#x27;cte-vc-unit&#x27;).value = s.vcU;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-f&#x27;).value = s.f;   $(&#x27;cte-f-unit&#x27;).value = s.fU;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-ap&#x27;).value = s.ap; $(&#x27;cte-ap-unit&#x27;).value = s.apU;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-mat&#x27;).value = s.mat; $(&#x27;cte-cool&#x27;).value = s.cool;&#10;    $(&#x27;cte-t0&#x27;).value = s.t0; $(&#x27;cte-t0-unit&#x27;).value = s.t0U;&#10;    [&#x27;vc&#x27;, &#x27;f&#x27;, &#x27;ap&#x27;, &#x27;t0&#x27;].forEach(function (k) { var sel = $(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + k + &#x27;-unit&#x27;); sel.setAttribute(&#x27;data-prev&#x27;, sel.value); });&#10;    setFactorDefaults();&#10;    clearAllErrors();&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/** Convert the field value when its unit changes so the physical quantity is preserved. *\/&#10;  function convertUnit(key) {&#10;    var sel = $(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + key + &#x27;-unit&#x27;), inp = $(&#x27;cte-&#x27; + key);&#10;    var oldU = sel.getAttribute(&#x27;data-prev&#x27;), newU = sel.value;&#10;    sel.setAttribute(&#x27;data-prev&#x27;, newU);&#10;    if (!oldU || oldU === newU) return;&#10;    var p = parseNum(inp.value);&#10;    if (!p.ok) { if (inp.classList.contains(&#x27;cte-invalid&#x27;)) setErr(key, check(key)); return; }&#10;    var v = key === &#x27;t0&#x27;&#10;      ? (newU === &#x27;F&#x27; ? cToF(p.n) : fToC(p.n))&#10;      : p.n * UNITS[key][oldU].f \/ UNITS[key][newU].f;&#10;    inp.value = tidy(v);&#10;    if (inp.classList.contains(&#x27;cte-invalid&#x27;)) setErr(key, check(key));&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 7. Events ---------- *\/&#10;  root.addEventListener(&#x27;change&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    var id = e.target.id;&#10;    if (\/^cte-(vc|f|ap|t0)-unit$\/.test(id)) convertUnit(id.replace(&#x27;cte-&#x27;, &#x27;&#x27;).replace(&#x27;-unit&#x27;, &#x27;&#x27;));&#10;    else if (id === &#x27;cte-mat&#x27;) setFactorDefaults(&#x27;km&#x27;);&#10;    else if (id === &#x27;cte-cool&#x27;) setFactorDefaults(&#x27;kc&#x27;);&#10;    else return;&#10;    if (!$(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).hidden) compute();   \/\/ keep shown results in sync&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  root.addEventListener(&#x27;input&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    var t = e.target;&#10;    if (!t.classList || !t.classList.contains(&#x27;cte-input&#x27;)) return;&#10;    var key = t.id.replace(&#x27;cte-&#x27;, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    if (t.classList.contains(&#x27;cte-invalid&#x27;) &amp;&amp; !check(key)) setErr(key, null);&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  $(&#x27;cte-form&#x27;).addEventListener(&#x27;submit&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    e.preventDefault();&#10;    var wasHidden = $(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).hidden;&#10;    if (!compute()) {&#10;      var bad = root.querySelector(&#x27;.cte-invalid&#x27;);&#10;      if (bad) bad.focus(); else $(&#x27;cte-error&#x27;).focus();&#10;    } else if (wasHidden &amp;&amp; $(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).scrollIntoView) {&#10;      $(&#x27;cte-results&#x27;).scrollIntoView({ behavior: &#x27;smooth&#x27;, block: &#x27;nearest&#x27; });&#10;    }&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 8. 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