{"id":25020,"date":"2026-10-30T02:16:08","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T02:16:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mechstream.com\/?p=25020"},"modified":"2026-10-30T02:16:11","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T02:16:11","slug":"material-removal-rate-mrr-calculator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mechstream.com\/ru\/material-removal-rate-mrr-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Material Removal Rate Mrr Calculator"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Material Removal Rate Mrr Calculator helps engineers, CNC operators, and machining professionals quickly calculate the volume of material removed during turning, milling, and drilling operations. By entering machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool dimensions, users can estimate MRR in mm\u00b3\/min, cm\u00b3\/min, and cm\u00b3\/h. This calculator helps evaluate machining productivity, optimize cutting conditions, improve production efficiency, and support better manufacturing decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe class=\"mrr-frame skip-lazy no-lazyload\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" title=\"Material Removal Rate (MRR) Calculator\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"display:block !important;width:100% !important;max-width:1000px !important;height:900px;border:0 !important;margin:0 auto !important;padding:0 !important;overflow:hidden;background:transparent;float:none !important\" srcdoc=\"&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;&#10;&lt;html lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&#10;&lt;head&gt;&#10;&lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;&#10;&lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1&quot;&gt;&#10;&lt;title&gt;Material Removal Rate (MRR) Calculator&lt;\/title&gt;&#10;&lt;style&gt;&#10;\/* =====================================================================&#10;   Material Removal Rate (MRR) Calculator \u2014 all selectors scoped under&#10;   .mrr-root so the calculator never changes how the rest of a page looks.&#10;   ===================================================================== *\/&#10;.mrr-root{&#10;  --mrr-blue:#1e3a8a;--mrr-blue-2:#1d4ed8;--mrr-blue-soft:#e8eefb;--mrr-blue-line:#c7d4f0;&#10;  --mrr-bg:#f3f5f8;--mrr-card:#ffffff;--mrr-text:#1f2937;--mrr-heading:#111827;--mrr-muted:#5b6574;&#10;  --mrr-border:#d6dce5;--mrr-field:#fbfcfe;--mrr-danger:#b42318;--mrr-danger-bg:#fef3f2;&#10;  --mrr-radius:12px;--mrr-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(16,24,40,.06),0 6px 16px rgba(16,24,40,.06);&#10;  font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,Roboto,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,Arial,&quot;Noto Sans&quot;,sans-serif;&#10;  font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--mrr-text);background:var(--mrr-bg);&#10;  max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto;padding:28px 16px 36px;text-align:left;border-radius:16px;&#10;  -webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;&#10;}&#10;.mrr-root *,.mrr-root *::before,.mrr-root *::after{box-sizing:border-box}&#10;.mrr-root [hidden]{display:none !important}&#10;.mrr-root h2,.mrr-root h3{font-family:inherit;color:var(--mrr-heading);line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 .5em;padding:0;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;font-weight:700;border:0;background:none}&#10;.mrr-root h2{font-size:clamp(1.2rem,2.2vw,1.45rem)}&#10;.mrr-root h3{font-size:1rem}&#10;.mrr-root p{margin:0 0 .85em;padding:0}&#10;.mrr-root ul{margin:0;padding-left:1.2em}&#10;.mrr-root li{margin:0 0 .3em}&#10;&#10;\/* ---------- layout ---------- *\/&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-stack{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:22px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-card{background:var(--mrr-card);border:1px solid var(--mrr-border);border-radius:var(--mrr-radius);box-shadow:var(--mrr-shadow);padding:22px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-card-title{margin-bottom:14px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-card-title h2{margin:0}&#10;&#10;\/* ---------- operation switch ---------- *\/&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-modes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:4px;background:#e9edf4;padding:4px;border-radius:10px;margin:0 0 6px;border:0;min-width:0}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-modes legend{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode{position:relative;display:block;margin:0;cursor:pointer}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode input{position:absolute;opacity:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:0}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode span{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:4px;text-align:center;padding:9px 6px;border-radius:8px;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--mrr-muted);line-height:1.2;transition:background .15s,color .15s}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode svg{width:26px;height:26px;display:block;flex:0 0 auto}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode span small{display:block;font-weight:500;font-size:.74rem;opacity:.9;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode:hover span{color:var(--mrr-blue)}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode input:checked + span{background:#fff;color:var(--mrr-blue);box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(16,24,40,.12)}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode input:focus-visible + span{outline:2px solid var(--mrr-blue-2);outline-offset:1px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-mode-hint{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--mrr-muted);margin:8px 2px 16px}&#10;&#10;\/* ---------- fields ---------- *\/&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:0 14px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-field{margin:0 0 14px;min-width:0}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-field &gt; 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height=&#x27;8&#x27; viewBox=&#x27;0 0 12 8&#x27;%3E%3Cpath d=&#x27;M1 1.5l5 5 5-5&#x27; fill=&#x27;none&#x27; stroke=&#x27;%231e3a8a&#x27; stroke-width=&#x27;1.8&#x27; stroke-linecap=&#x27;round&#x27; stroke-linejoin=&#x27;round&#x27;\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);&#10;  background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 11px center;background-size:12px 8px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-input:hover,.mrr-root .mrr-select:hover{border-color:#b6c0ce}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-input:focus,.mrr-root .mrr-select:focus{border-color:var(--mrr-blue-2);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(29,78,216,.18);background-color:#fff}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-input.mrr-invalid{border-color:var(--mrr-danger);background-color:var(--mrr-danger-bg)}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-input.mrr-invalid:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(180,35,24,.15)}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-err{color:var(--mrr-danger);font-size:.82rem;margin:5px 0 0;line-height:1.35}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-help{color:var(--mrr-muted);font-size:.8rem;margin:5px 0 0;line-height:1.35}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-suffix{position:relative}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-suffix .mrr-input{padding-right:64px}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-suffix-u{position:absolute;right:12px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:.82rem;color:var(--mrr-muted);pointer-events:none}&#10;&#10;\/* ---------- Calculate button: centred, hardened against theme button rules ---------- *\/&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-calc-wrap{display:block !important;width:100% !important;text-align:center !important;margin:6px 0 0 !important;padding:0 !important;float:none !important;clear:both}&#10;.mrr-root .mrr-btn{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;float:none !important;width:auto !important;min-width:180px;height:42px;padding:0 22px;margin:0 auto !important;&#10; 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 .mrr-root .mrr-rcards{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}&#10;}&#10;@media (max-width:560px){&#10;  .mrr-root{padding:20px 12px 28px;border-radius:0}&#10;  .mrr-root .mrr-card{padding:16px}&#10;  .mrr-root .mrr-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}&#10;  .mrr-root .mrr-mode span small{display:none}&#10;}&#10;@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){&#10;  .mrr-root *{transition:none !important}&#10;}&#10;html,body{margin:0;padding:0;background:transparent}&#10;&lt;\/style&gt;&#10;&lt;\/head&gt;&#10;&lt;body&gt;&#10;&#10;&lt;div class=&quot;mrr-root&quot; id=&quot;mrr-app&quot;&gt;&#10;  &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-stack&quot;&gt;&#10;&#10;    &lt;!-- ================= INPUT PANEL ================= --&gt;&#10;    &lt;section class=&quot;mrr-card&quot; aria-labelledby=&quot;mrr-inputs-title&quot;&gt;&#10;      &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-card-title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;mrr-inputs-title&quot;&gt;Machining Parameters&lt;\/h2&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;      &lt;form id=&quot;mrr-form&quot; novalidate autocomplete=&quot;off&quot;&gt;&#10;        &lt;fieldset class=&quot;mrr-modes&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;legend&gt;Machining operation&lt;\/legend&gt;&#10;          &lt;label class=&quot;mrr-mode&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; name=&quot;mrr-op&quot; value=&quot;turning&quot; checked&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#10;            &lt;svg viewBox=&quot;0 0 32 32&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; stroke-linecap=&quot;round&quot; stroke-linejoin=&quot;round&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;3&quot; y=&quot;11&quot; width=&quot;18&quot; height=&quot;10&quot; rx=&quot;1.5&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M21 14h6v4h-6&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M12 27l4-6 4 6z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M7 11v10M11 11v10&quot;\/&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;&#10;            Turning&lt;small&gt;\u03c0\u00b7D\u00b7N\u00b7f\u00b7ap&lt;\/small&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;          &lt;label class=&quot;mrr-mode&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; name=&quot;mrr-op&quot; value=&quot;milling&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#10;            &lt;svg viewBox=&quot;0 0 32 32&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; stroke-linecap=&quot;round&quot; stroke-linejoin=&quot;round&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M13 3h6v6h-6z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M12 9h8v10h-8z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M12 12l8 3M12 16l8 3&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3 23h26v6H3z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M12 23v-4h8v4&quot;\/&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;&#10;            Milling&lt;small&gt;ap\u00b7ae\u00b7Vf&lt;\/small&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;          &lt;label class=&quot;mrr-mode&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; name=&quot;mrr-op&quot; value=&quot;drilling&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#10;            &lt;svg viewBox=&quot;0 0 32 32&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; stroke-linecap=&quot;round&quot; stroke-linejoin=&quot;round&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M12 3h8v6h-8z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M13 9h6v12l-3 4-3-4z&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M13 13l6 3M13 17l6 3&quot;\/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3 25h9M20 25h9M3 25v4h26v-4&quot;\/&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;&#10;            Drilling&lt;small&gt;(\u03c0\u00b7D\u00b2\/4)\u00b7Vf&lt;\/small&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/fieldset&gt;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-mode-hint&quot; id=&quot;mrr-mode-hint&quot;&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;!-- ---------- Turning ---------- --&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-row&quot; id=&quot;mrr-g-turning&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-t-d&quot;&gt;Workpiece Diameter (D)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-t-d&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-t-d-err mrr-t-d-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-d-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-d-help&quot;&gt;The diameter of the workpiece being machined.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-t-vc&quot;&gt;Cutting Speed (Vc)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-inline&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-t-vc&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-t-vc-err mrr-t-vc-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;select id=&quot;mrr-t-vc-unit&quot; class=&quot;mrr-select mrr-unit&quot; aria-label=&quot;Cutting speed unit&quot;&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;mmin&quot;&gt;m\/min&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;                &lt;option value=&quot;ms&quot;&gt;m\/s&lt;\/option&gt;&#10;              &lt;\/select&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-vc-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-vc-help&quot;&gt;The relative cutting speed between the tool and workpiece.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-t-f&quot;&gt;Feed Rate (f)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-t-f&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-t-f-err mrr-t-f-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm\/rev&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-f-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-f-help&quot;&gt;Distance the tool advances per workpiece revolution.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-t-ap&quot;&gt;Depth of Cut (ap)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-t-ap&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-t-ap-err mrr-t-ap-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-ap-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-t-ap-help&quot;&gt;Radial depth of material removed in each cutting pass.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;!-- ---------- Milling ---------- --&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-row&quot; id=&quot;mrr-g-milling&quot; hidden&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-m-ap&quot;&gt;Axial Depth of Cut (ap)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-m-ap&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-m-ap-err mrr-m-ap-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-ap-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-ap-help&quot;&gt;Tool engagement depth along the spindle axis.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-m-ae&quot;&gt;Radial Width of Cut (ae)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-m-ae&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-m-ae-err mrr-m-ae-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-ae-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-ae-help&quot;&gt;Width of material engaged by the cutting tool.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-m-vf&quot;&gt;Feed Rate (Vf)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-m-vf&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-m-vf-err mrr-m-vf-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm\/min&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-vf-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-m-vf-help&quot;&gt;Linear (table) feed speed of the tool relative to the workpiece.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;!-- ---------- Drilling ---------- --&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-row&quot; id=&quot;mrr-g-drilling&quot; hidden&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-d-d&quot;&gt;Drill Diameter (D)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-d-d&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-d-d-err mrr-d-d-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-d-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-d-help&quot;&gt;The diameter of the drill bit.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-d-n&quot;&gt;Spindle Speed (N)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-d-n&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-d-n-err mrr-d-n-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;rpm&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-n-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-n-help&quot;&gt;The rotational speed of the drill spindle.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-field&quot;&gt;&#10;            &lt;label for=&quot;mrr-d-f&quot;&gt;Feed per Revolution (f)&lt;\/label&gt;&#10;            &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-suffix&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;input id=&quot;mrr-d-f&quot; class=&quot;mrr-input&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; inputmode=&quot;decimal&quot; aria-describedby=&quot;mrr-d-f-err mrr-d-f-help&quot;&gt;&#10;              &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-suffix-u&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;mm\/rev&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;            &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-err&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-f-err&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;            &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-help&quot; id=&quot;mrr-d-f-help&quot;&gt;Axial feed distance per drill revolution.&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;          &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-calc-wrap&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;button type=&quot;submit&quot; class=&quot;mrr-btn&quot; id=&quot;mrr-btn-calc&quot;&gt;Calculate&lt;\/button&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;      &lt;\/form&gt;&#10;    &lt;\/section&gt;&#10;&#10;    &lt;!-- ================= RESULTS PANEL ================= --&gt;&#10;    &lt;section class=&quot;mrr-card&quot; aria-labelledby=&quot;mrr-results-title&quot; id=&quot;mrr-results&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot; hidden&gt;&#10;      &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-card-title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;mrr-results-title&quot;&gt;Results&lt;\/h2&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;      &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-alert&quot; id=&quot;mrr-error&quot; role=&quot;alert&quot; hidden&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;      &lt;div id=&quot;mrr-result-body&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot;&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-pcard&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;span class=&quot;mrr-pcard-label&quot;&gt;Material Removal Rate (MRR)&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-pcard-value&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;mrr-r-main&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-pcard-unit&quot;&gt;mm\u00b3\/min&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-pcard-sub&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-op&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-rcards&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-rcard&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-l&quot;&gt;MRR&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-v&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-mm3&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-u&quot;&gt;mm\u00b3\/min&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-rcard&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-l&quot;&gt;MRR&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-v&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-cm3&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-u&quot;&gt;cm\u00b3\/min&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-rcard&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-l&quot;&gt;MRR&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-v&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-cm3h&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-rcard-u&quot;&gt;cm\u00b3\/h&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-sec-title&quot;&gt;Machining Parameter Summary&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-summary&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-summary&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-sec-title&quot;&gt;Machining Productivity&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-gauge&quot; role=&quot;img&quot; id=&quot;mrr-gauge&quot; aria-label=&quot;&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-gauge-pin&quot; id=&quot;mrr-gauge-pin&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-gauge-scale&quot; id=&quot;mrr-gauge-scale&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;span&gt;Light \/ Finishing&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Moderate&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;High&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Heavy Roughing&lt;\/span&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-gauge-text&quot; id=&quot;mrr-gauge-text&quot;&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;details class=&quot;mrr-details&quot;&gt;&#10;          &lt;summary&gt;Calculation Details&lt;\/summary&gt;&#10;          &lt;div class=&quot;mrr-formula&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-steps&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;        &lt;\/details&gt;&#10;&#10;        &lt;p class=&quot;mrr-note&quot; id=&quot;mrr-r-note&quot;&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&#10;      &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;    &lt;\/section&gt;&#10;&#10;  &lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&lt;\/div&gt;&#10;&#10;&lt;script&gt;&#10;\/* =====================================================================&#10;   Material Removal Rate (MRR) Calculator \u2014 Vanilla JavaScript (no globals)&#10;   Internal units: lengths in mm, speeds in m\/min, spindle speed in rpm,&#10;   feed rate in mm\/min, MRR in mm\u00b3\/min.&#10;   ===================================================================== *\/&#10;(function () {&#10;  &#x27;use strict&#x27;;&#10;&#10;  var root = document.getElementById(&#x27;mrr-app&#x27;);&#10;  if (!root || root.getAttribute(&#x27;data-mrr-ready&#x27;) === &#x27;1&#x27;) return;&#10;  root.setAttribute(&#x27;data-mrr-ready&#x27;, &#x27;1&#x27;);&#10;&#10;  function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 1. Defaults &amp; operation info ---------- *\/&#10;  var DEFAULTS = {&#10;    &#x27;t-d&#x27;: &#x27;50&#x27;, &#x27;t-vc&#x27;: &#x27;150&#x27;, &#x27;t-vc-unit&#x27;: &#x27;mmin&#x27;, &#x27;t-f&#x27;: &#x27;0.2&#x27;, &#x27;t-ap&#x27;: &#x27;2&#x27;,&#10;    &#x27;m-ap&#x27;: &#x27;5&#x27;, &#x27;m-ae&#x27;: &#x27;10&#x27;, &#x27;m-vf&#x27;: &#x27;500&#x27;,&#10;    &#x27;d-d&#x27;: &#x27;10&#x27;, &#x27;d-n&#x27;: &#x27;1000&#x27;, &#x27;d-f&#x27;: &#x27;0.15&#x27;&#10;  };&#10;  var OPS = {&#10;    turning: {&#10;      name: &#x27;Turning&#x27;, fields: [&#x27;t-d&#x27;, &#x27;t-vc&#x27;, &#x27;t-f&#x27;, &#x27;t-ap&#x27;],&#10;      hint: &#x27;Enter the workpiece diameter, cutting speed, feed per revolution and depth of cut. Spindle speed is calculated automatically from the cutting speed.&#x27;&#10;    },&#10;    milling: {&#10;      name: &#x27;Milling&#x27;, fields: [&#x27;m-ap&#x27;, &#x27;m-ae&#x27;, &#x27;m-vf&#x27;],&#10;      hint: &#x27;Enter the axial depth of cut, radial width of cut and table feed rate to calculate the milling material removal rate.&#x27;&#10;    },&#10;    drilling: {&#10;      name: &#x27;Drilling&#x27;, fields: [&#x27;d-d&#x27;, &#x27;d-n&#x27;, &#x27;d-f&#x27;],&#10;      hint: &#x27;Enter the drill diameter, spindle speed and feed per revolution. The axial feed rate is calculated automatically (Vf = f \u00d7 N).&#x27;&#10;    }&#10;  };&#10;  var LABEL = {&#10;    &#x27;t-d&#x27;: &#x27;Workpiece diameter (D)&#x27;, &#x27;t-vc&#x27;: &#x27;Cutting speed (Vc)&#x27;, &#x27;t-f&#x27;: &#x27;Feed rate (f)&#x27;, &#x27;t-ap&#x27;: &#x27;Depth of cut (ap)&#x27;,&#10;    &#x27;m-ap&#x27;: &#x27;Axial depth of cut (ap)&#x27;, &#x27;m-ae&#x27;: &#x27;Radial width of cut (ae)&#x27;, &#x27;m-vf&#x27;: &#x27;Feed rate (Vf)&#x27;,&#10;    &#x27;d-d&#x27;: &#x27;Drill diameter (D)&#x27;, &#x27;d-n&#x27;: &#x27;Spindle speed (N)&#x27;, &#x27;d-f&#x27;: &#x27;Feed per revolution (f)&#x27;&#10;  };&#10;  var op = &#x27;turning&#x27;;&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 2. Parsing &amp; formatting ---------- *\/&#10;  \/** Accepts &quot;1,5&quot; (decimal comma), &quot;1,000.5&quot; (thousands separators) and scientific notation. *\/&#10;  function parseNum(raw) {&#10;    var s = String(raw == null ? &#x27;&#x27; : raw).trim().replace(\/\\s+\/g, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    if (s === &#x27;&#x27;) return { empty: true, ok: false };&#10;    if (\/^[+-]?\\d{1,3}(,\\d{3})+(\\.\\d+)?$\/.test(s)) s = s.replace(\/,\/g, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    else if (\/^[+-]?\\d*,\\d+$\/.test(s)) s = s.replace(&#x27;,&#x27;, &#x27;.&#x27;);&#10;    if (!\/^[+-]?(\\d+\\.?\\d*|\\.\\d+)(e[+-]?\\d+)?$\/i.test(s)) return { empty: false, ok: false };&#10;    var n = Number(s);&#10;    if (!isFinite(n)) return { empty: false, ok: false };&#10;    return { empty: false, ok: true, n: n };&#10;  }&#10;  \/** Two-decimal display; falls back to 3 significant figures when the value would round to 0. *\/&#10;  function fx(n, d) {&#10;    if (d == null) d = 2;&#10;    if (typeof n !== &#x27;number&#x27; || !isFinite(n)) return &#x27;\u2014&#x27;;&#10;    if (n !== 0 &amp;&amp; Math.abs(n) &lt; 0.5 * Math.pow(10, -d)) return Number(n.toPrecision(3)).toString();&#10;    return n.toLocaleString(&#x27;en-US&#x27;, { minimumFractionDigits: d, maximumFractionDigits: d });&#10;  }&#10;  \/** Compact display of an input value (no forced decimals). *\/&#10;  function g(n) {&#10;    if (typeof n !== &#x27;number&#x27; || !isFinite(n)) return &#x27;\u2014&#x27;;&#10;    return Number(n.toPrecision(8)).toLocaleString(&#x27;en-US&#x27;, { maximumFractionDigits: 10 });&#10;  }&#10;  function esc(s) {&#10;    return String(s).replace(\/[&amp;&lt;&gt;&quot;&#x27;]\/g, function (c) {&#10;      return { &#x27;&amp;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;amp;&#x27;, &#x27;&lt;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;lt;&#x27;, &#x27;&gt;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;gt;&#x27;, &#x27;&quot;&#x27;: &#x27;&amp;quot;&#x27;, &quot;&#x27;&quot;: &#x27;&amp;#39;&#x27; }[c];&#10;    });&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 3. Validation ---------- *\/&#10;  function setErr(key, msg) {&#10;    var el = $(&#x27;mrr-&#x27; + key), er = $(&#x27;mrr-&#x27; + key + &#x27;-err&#x27;);&#10;    if (msg) {&#10;      el.classList.add(&#x27;mrr-invalid&#x27;); el.setAttribute(&#x27;aria-invalid&#x27;, &#x27;true&#x27;);&#10;      er.textContent = msg; er.hidden = false;&#10;    } else {&#10;      el.classList.remove(&#x27;mrr-invalid&#x27;); el.removeAttribute(&#x27;aria-invalid&#x27;);&#10;      er.textContent = &#x27;&#x27;; er.hidden = true;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;  function clearAllErrors() { Object.keys(LABEL).forEach(function (k) { setErr(k, null); }); }&#10;&#10;  \/** Returns an error message for a field, or null when valid (all essential parameters must be &gt; 0). *\/&#10;  function check(key) {&#10;    var p = parseNum($(&#x27;mrr-&#x27; + key).value);&#10;    if (p.empty) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; is required.&#x27;;&#10;    if (!p.ok) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; must be a valid number.&#x27;;&#10;    if (p.n &lt; 0) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; cannot be negative.&#x27;;&#10;    if (p.n === 0) return LABEL[key] + &#x27; must be greater than zero.&#x27;;&#10;    \/\/ Turning: depth of cut cannot exceed the workpiece radius&#10;    if (key === &#x27;t-ap&#x27;) {&#10;      var d = parseNum($(&#x27;mrr-t-d&#x27;).value);&#10;      if (d.ok &amp;&amp; d.n &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; p.n &gt; d.n \/ 2) return &#x27;Depth of cut (ap) cannot exceed the workpiece radius (D \/ 2 = &#x27; + g(d.n \/ 2) + &#x27; mm).&#x27;;&#10;    }&#10;    return null;&#10;  }&#10;  function allValid() { return OPS[op].fields.every(function (k) { return !check(k); }); }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 4. Calculation ---------- *\/&#10;  function compute() {&#10;    var errs = [], v = {};&#10;    clearAllErrors();&#10;    OPS[op].fields.forEach(function (k) {&#10;      var msg = check(k);&#10;      setErr(k, msg);&#10;      if (msg) errs.push(msg); else v[k] = parseNum($(&#x27;mrr-&#x27; + k).value).n;&#10;    });&#10;    if (errs.length) { showErrors(errs); return false; }&#10;&#10;    var R = { steps: [], summary: [] };&#10;    var mrr, N = null, Vf = null;&#10;&#10;    if (op === &#x27;turning&#x27;) {&#10;      var D = v[&#x27;t-d&#x27;], f = v[&#x27;t-f&#x27;], ap = v[&#x27;t-ap&#x27;];&#10;      var vcUnit = $(&#x27;mrr-t-vc-unit&#x27;).value;&#10;      \/\/ Convert cutting speed to m\/min if entered in m\/s (1 m\/s = 60 m\/min)&#10;      var Vc = vcUnit === &#x27;ms&#x27; ? v[&#x27;t-vc&#x27;] * 60 : v[&#x27;t-vc&#x27;];&#10;      \/\/ Spindle speed from cutting speed: N = (1000 \u00d7 Vc) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 D)   [rpm]&#10;      N = (1000 * Vc) \/ (Math.PI * D);&#10;      \/\/ Turning MRR: MRR = \u03c0 \u00d7 D \u00d7 N \u00d7 f \u00d7 ap   [mm\u00b3\/min]&#10;      mrr = Math.PI * D * N * f * ap;&#10;      \/\/ Linear feed rate: Vf = f \u00d7 N   [mm\/min]&#10;      Vf = f * N;&#10;&#10;      if (vcUnit === &#x27;ms&#x27;) R.steps.push([&#x27;Cutting speed conversion&#x27;, &#x27;Vc (m\/min) = Vc (m\/s) \u00d7 60&#x27;, &#x27;Vc = &#x27; + g(v[&#x27;t-vc&#x27;]) + &#x27; \u00d7 60 = &#x27; + fx(Vc) + &#x27; m\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Spindle speed&#x27;, &#x27;N = (1000 \u00d7 Vc) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 D)&#x27;, &#x27;N = (1000 \u00d7 &#x27; + g(Vc) + &#x27;) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 &#x27; + g(D) + &#x27;) = &#x27; + fx(N) + &#x27; rpm&#x27;]);&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Material removal rate&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = \u03c0 \u00d7 D \u00d7 N \u00d7 f \u00d7 ap&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = \u03c0 \u00d7 &#x27; + g(D) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(N) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + g(f) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + g(ap) + &#x27; = &#x27; + fx(mrr) + &#x27; mm\u00b3\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Linear feed rate&#x27;, &#x27;Vf = f \u00d7 N&#x27;, &#x27;Vf = &#x27; + g(f) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(N) + &#x27; = &#x27; + fx(Vf) + &#x27; mm\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.summary = [&#10;        [&#x27;Workpiece diameter (D)&#x27;, g(D) + &#x27; mm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Cutting speed (Vc)&#x27;, g(v[&#x27;t-vc&#x27;]) + (vcUnit === &#x27;ms&#x27; ? &#x27; m\/s (&#x27; + fx(Vc) + &#x27; m\/min)&#x27; : &#x27; m\/min&#x27;)],&#10;        [&#x27;Feed rate (f)&#x27;, g(f) + &#x27; mm\/rev&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Depth of cut (ap)&#x27;, g(ap) + &#x27; mm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Spindle speed (N)&#x27;, fx(N) + &#x27; rpm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Linear feed rate (Vf)&#x27;, fx(Vf) + &#x27; mm\/min&#x27;]&#10;      ];&#10;      R.note = &#x27;Because N = 1000\u00b7Vc \/ (\u03c0\u00b7D), turning MRR simplifies to 1000 \u00d7 Vc \u00d7 f \u00d7 ap. This is the nominal rate for a single pass; actual removal depends on the true engagement and the tool, material and machine rigidity.&#x27;;&#10;    } else if (op === &#x27;milling&#x27;) {&#10;      var mAp = v[&#x27;m-ap&#x27;], ae = v[&#x27;m-ae&#x27;];&#10;      Vf = v[&#x27;m-vf&#x27;];&#10;      \/\/ Milling MRR: MRR = ap \u00d7 ae \u00d7 Vf   [mm\u00b3\/min]&#10;      mrr = mAp * ae * Vf;&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Material removal rate&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = ap \u00d7 ae \u00d7 Vf&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = &#x27; + g(mAp) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + g(ae) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + g(Vf) + &#x27; = &#x27; + fx(mrr) + &#x27; mm\u00b3\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.summary = [&#10;        [&#x27;Axial depth of cut (ap)&#x27;, g(mAp) + &#x27; mm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Radial width of cut (ae)&#x27;, g(ae) + &#x27; mm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Table feed rate (Vf)&#x27;, fx(Vf) + &#x27; mm\/min&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Spindle speed (N)&#x27;, &#x27;Not required&#x27;]&#10;      ];&#10;      R.note = &#x27;Milling MRR uses the table feed rate directly, so spindle speed is not needed. If you only know feed per tooth, use Vf = fz \u00d7 z \u00d7 N first.&#x27;;&#10;    } else {&#10;      var dD = v[&#x27;d-d&#x27;], dF = v[&#x27;d-f&#x27;];&#10;      N = v[&#x27;d-n&#x27;];&#10;      \/\/ Axial feed rate: Vf = f \u00d7 N   [mm\/min]&#10;      Vf = dF * N;&#10;      \/\/ Drilled cross-section area: A = \u03c0 \u00d7 D\u00b2 \/ 4   [mm\u00b2]&#10;      var area = Math.PI * dD * dD \/ 4;&#10;      \/\/ Drilling MRR: MRR = (\u03c0 \u00d7 D\u00b2 \/ 4) \u00d7 Vf   [mm\u00b3\/min]&#10;      mrr = area * Vf;&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Axial feed rate&#x27;, &#x27;Vf = f \u00d7 N&#x27;, &#x27;Vf = &#x27; + g(dF) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + g(N) + &#x27; = &#x27; + fx(Vf) + &#x27; mm\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Hole cross-section&#x27;, &#x27;A = \u03c0 \u00d7 D\u00b2 \/ 4&#x27;, &#x27;A = \u03c0 \u00d7 &#x27; + g(dD) + &#x27;\u00b2 \/ 4 = &#x27; + fx(area) + &#x27; mm\u00b2&#x27;]);&#10;      R.steps.push([&#x27;Material removal rate&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = (\u03c0 \u00d7 D\u00b2 \/ 4) \u00d7 Vf&#x27;, &#x27;MRR = &#x27; + fx(area) + &#x27; \u00d7 &#x27; + fx(Vf) + &#x27; = &#x27; + fx(mrr) + &#x27; mm\u00b3\/min&#x27;]);&#10;      R.summary = [&#10;        [&#x27;Drill diameter (D)&#x27;, g(dD) + &#x27; mm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Spindle speed (N)&#x27;, g(N) + &#x27; rpm&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Feed per revolution (f)&#x27;, g(dF) + &#x27; mm\/rev&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Axial feed rate (Vf)&#x27;, fx(Vf) + &#x27; mm\/min&#x27;],&#10;        [&#x27;Cutting speed (Vc)&#x27;, fx(Math.PI * dD * N \/ 1000) + &#x27; m\/min&#x27;]&#10;      ];&#10;      R.note = &#x27;Applies to drilling into solid material. For core drilling or hole enlarging, use the area of the annulus (\u03c0\/4 \u00d7 (D\u00b2 \u2212 d\u00b2)) instead.&#x27;;&#10;    }&#10;&#10;    if (!isFinite(mrr)) {&#10;      showErrors([&#x27;The result is outside the numeric range that can be represented. Check the magnitude of your inputs.&#x27;]);&#10;      return false;&#10;    }&#10;&#10;    \/\/ Unit conversions: 1 cm\u00b3 = 1000 mm\u00b3; cm\u00b3\/h = cm\u00b3\/min \u00d7 60&#10;    var cm3min = mrr \/ 1000;&#10;    var cm3h = cm3min * 60;&#10;    R.steps.push([&#x27;Unit conversion&#x27;, &#x27;cm\u00b3\/min = mm\u00b3\/min \u00f7 1000;  cm\u00b3\/h = cm\u00b3\/min \u00d7 60&#x27;,&#10;      fx(mrr) + &#x27; mm\u00b3\/min = &#x27; + fx(cm3min) + &#x27; cm\u00b3\/min = &#x27; + fx(cm3h) + &#x27; cm\u00b3\/h&#x27;]);&#10;&#10;    R.mrr = mrr; R.cm3min = cm3min; R.cm3h = cm3h;&#10;    render(R);&#10;    return true;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 5. Productivity indicator ----------&#10;     Rough guide on a log scale from 0.1 to 1000 cm\u00b3\/min:&#10;     &lt; 5 light\/finishing \u00b7 5\u201350 moderate \u00b7 50\u2013200 high \u00b7 &gt; 200 heavy roughing *\/&#10;  function productivity(cm3min) {&#10;    var lo = Math.log10(0.1), hi = Math.log10(1000);&#10;    var pos = (Math.log10(Math.max(cm3min, 1e-9)) - lo) \/ (hi - lo);&#10;    pos = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, pos));&#10;    var lvl, text;&#10;    if (cm3min &lt; 5) { lvl = 0; text = &#x27;Light cut \u2014 typical of finishing passes, small tools or hard-to-machine materials.&#x27;; }&#10;    else if (cm3min &lt; 50) { lvl = 1; text = &#x27;Moderate removal \u2014 typical of semi-finishing or general-purpose machining.&#x27;; }&#10;    else if (cm3min &lt; 200) { lvl = 2; text = &#x27;High removal \u2014 typical of productive roughing on rigid machines.&#x27;; }&#10;    else { lvl = 3; text = &#x27;Heavy roughing \u2014 check spindle power, torque and setup rigidity.&#x27;; }&#10;    return { pos: pos, lvl: lvl, text: text };&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 6. Rendering ---------- *\/&#10;  function showErrors(errs) {&#10;    var box = $(&#x27;mrr-error&#x27;);&#10;    box.innerHTML = &#x27;&lt;strong&gt;Please correct the following input&#x27; + (errs.length &gt; 1 ? &#x27;s&#x27; : &#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;:&lt;\/strong&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#x27; +&#10;      errs.map(function (e) { return &#x27;&lt;li&gt;&#x27; + esc(e) + &#x27;&lt;\/li&gt;&#x27;; }).join(&#x27;&#x27;) + &#x27;&lt;\/ul&gt;&#x27;;&#10;    box.hidden = false;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-result-body&#x27;).hidden = true;&#10;  }&#10;  function render(R) {&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-error&#x27;).hidden = true;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-result-body&#x27;).hidden = false;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-main&#x27;).textContent = fx(R.mrr);&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-op&#x27;).textContent = OPS[op].name + &#x27; \u00b7 &#x27; + fx(R.cm3min) + &#x27; cm\u00b3\/min&#x27;;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-mm3&#x27;).textContent = fx(R.mrr);&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-cm3&#x27;).textContent = fx(R.cm3min);&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-cm3h&#x27;).textContent = fx(R.cm3h);&#10;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-summary&#x27;).innerHTML = R.summary.map(function (s) {&#10;      return &#x27;&lt;div class=&quot;mrr-sum&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-sum-l&quot;&gt;&#x27; + esc(s[0]) + &#x27;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-sum-v&quot;&gt;&#x27; + esc(s[1]) + &#x27;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#x27;;&#10;    }).join(&#x27;&#x27;);&#10;&#10;    var p = productivity(R.cm3min);&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-gauge-pin&#x27;).style.left = (p.pos * 100).toFixed(1) + &#x27;%&#x27;;&#10;    Array.prototype.forEach.call($(&#x27;mrr-gauge-scale&#x27;).children, function (el, i) { el.classList.toggle(&#x27;mrr-on&#x27;, i === p.lvl); });&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-gauge-text&#x27;).textContent = p.text + &#x27; (Indicative only \u2014 suitable MRR depends on material, tool and machine.)&#x27;;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-gauge&#x27;).setAttribute(&#x27;aria-label&#x27;, &#x27;Productivity level: &#x27; + $(&#x27;mrr-gauge-scale&#x27;).children[p.lvl].textContent);&#10;&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-steps&#x27;).innerHTML = R.steps.map(function (s) {&#10;      return &#x27;&lt;div class=&quot;mrr-formula-step&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrr-formula-label&quot;&gt;&#x27; + esc(s[0]) + &#x27;&lt;\/span&gt;&#x27; +&#10;        &#x27;&lt;p class=&quot;mrr-formula-main&quot;&gt;&#x27; + esc(s[1]) + &#x27;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;mrr-formula-sub&quot;&gt;&#x27; + esc(s[2]) + &#x27;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&#x27;;&#10;    }).join(&#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-r-note&#x27;).textContent = R.note;&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 7. Operation handling ---------- *\/&#10;  function applyOp(o) {&#10;    op = o;&#10;    Object.keys(OPS).forEach(function (k) { $(&#x27;mrr-g-&#x27; + k).hidden = k !== o; });&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-mode-hint&#x27;).textContent = OPS[o].hint;&#10;    clearAllErrors();&#10;    \/\/ Hide results from another operation until Calculate is clicked again&#10;    $(&#x27;mrr-results&#x27;).hidden = true;&#10;  }&#10;  function resetDefaults() {&#10;    Object.keys(DEFAULTS).forEach(function (k) { $(&#x27;mrr-&#x27; + k).value = DEFAULTS[k]; });&#10;  }&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 8. Events ---------- *\/&#10;  root.addEventListener(&#x27;change&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    var t = e.target;&#10;    if (t.name === &#x27;mrr-op&#x27;) { applyOp(t.value); return; }&#10;    if (t.tagName === &#x27;SELECT&#x27; &amp;&amp; !$(&#x27;mrr-results&#x27;).hidden &amp;&amp; allValid()) compute();&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  root.addEventListener(&#x27;input&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    var t = e.target;&#10;    if (!t.classList || !t.classList.contains(&#x27;mrr-input&#x27;)) return;&#10;    var key = t.id.replace(&#x27;mrr-&#x27;, &#x27;&#x27;);&#10;    \/\/ Clear the inline error as soon as the field becomes valid&#10;    if (t.classList.contains(&#x27;mrr-invalid&#x27;) &amp;&amp; !check(key)) setErr(key, null);&#10;    \/\/ After the first calculation, keep results in sync while inputs remain valid&#10;    if (!$(&#x27;mrr-results&#x27;).hidden &amp;&amp; allValid()) compute();&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  $(&#x27;mrr-form&#x27;).addEventListener(&#x27;submit&#x27;, function (e) {&#10;    e.preventDefault();&#10;    var res = $(&#x27;mrr-results&#x27;), first = res.hidden;&#10;    res.hidden = false;&#10;    var ok = compute();&#10;    if (!ok) {&#10;      var bad = root.querySelector(&#x27;.mrr-invalid&#x27;);&#10;      if (bad) bad.focus();&#10;    } else if (first &amp;&amp; res.scrollIntoView) {&#10;      res.scrollIntoView({ behavior: &#x27;smooth&#x27;, block: &#x27;nearest&#x27; });&#10;    }&#10;  });&#10;&#10;  \/* ---------- 9. 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